This study examines generational disparities in economic circumstances, technological advancements, and societal influences that shape financial behaviour. It investigates the saving and investing behaviours of Millennials and Gen Z (Generation Z) in Bengaluru, particularly in their financial priorities, risk tolerance, and investment decisions. While Generation Z, who was raised in the digital era, exhibits a tech-driven, risk-taking investing attitude, Millennials, who have experienced economic difficulties such as the financial crisis that happened in 2008, have diligent and organized financial habits.

This research examines how different generations deal with their finances using survey questionnaires conducted via Google Forms and secondary data sources. According to the research results, millennials prefer traditional investment techniques (FDs, mutual funds), but Generation Z chooses investments with greater risk (cryptocurrency, stock trading via digital platforms). We check the significance of financial technology (Fintech) where Gen Z relies more on digital investment tools, whereas millennials combine traditional advice with online platforms.

The Study analyses the key factors affecting financial decision making, including economic stability, social media influence, and financial literacy. Millennials commonly consider financial security and stability over the long run; however, Generation Z would rather choose financial risk and significant returns on investment. These findings have significant effects on financial institutions, politicians, and individuals. Financial service providers should adjust their offerings to generational preferences, such as flexible savings for Gen Z and long-term planning for Millennials. Policymakers may also promote financial education programs to help people evaluate risks and make better financial decisions.

Overall, this study shows evolving financial behaviours across generations, providing an extensive view concerning on how Millennials and Generation Z people are saving and making investments in a digital economy.

Keywords: Generation Z, Millennials, savings habits, investment techniques, financial viewpoints, risk tolerance, FinTech, financial awareness.

This paper thoroughly reviews existing literature on the interplay between income and savings functions in developing countries(DCs). It critically assesses prominent theories that underlie the relationship between income and savings, emphasizing the conceptual nuances of savings. The paper also examines empirical studies conducted in the field of savings-income dynamics, highlighting their findings and discussing the economic implications that arise. The significance of this paper lies in acknowledging the vital role of domestic savings, with a particular focus on household savings, in driving economic transformation. The well-explored determinants of such savings underscore the importance of comprehending the theoretical foundations of savings-income relationships. This understanding serves as a foundation for future studies in India and other developing nations, seeking to replicate successful economic transformations. A nuanced comprehension of the saving-income relationship contributes to the formulating of effective policies for mobilizing savings, thereby enhancing local capacity for capital formation. Furthermore, gaining insights into the savings-income phenomenon, especially at the rural household level in India, provides monetary authorities with valuable information on the functioning of the rural economy. This knowledge can inform strategies for improvements in the sector, facilitating its integration into the mainstream financial system.

Over the course of time, consumer purchasing habits have changed dramatically due to a variety of factors, including financial literacy, lifestyle choices, technological developments, and economic conditions. By examining significant variations in priorities, budgeting techniques, and investing inclinations, this study seeks to compare the spending patterns of the current and earlier generations. The study looks at a number of variables that affect consumer behaviour, such as cultural changes, work patterns, income levels, and access to financial tools. The study looks at both discretionary and non-discretionary spending, emphasising the disparities in spending on luxury products, entertainment, travel, and necessities including housing, healthcare, and education. The study also assesses how contemporary spending patterns are affected by digital payment methods, e-commerce, and credit availability.

The study finds trends that set the two generations apart through primary data collection—primarily questionnaires—and secondary data analysis. According to the research, the present generation is more likely to engage in digital transactions, spend money based on experiences, and value convenience over financial savings. The prior generation, on the other hand, prioritised long-term financial security, asset accumulation, and savings over extravagant expenditure.

By comprehending these generational disparities, the research seeks to shed light on trends in financial behaviour, assisting companies, financial institutions, and governments in modifying their approaches to satisfy changing customer needs. The study also emphasises how these changes in expenditure affect society advancement, individual financial security, and economic progress.

This comparative study provides a greater knowledge of how social and economic changes impact consumer spending across time and is the basis for future research on generational financial behaviours.

The study outlines the evolution of area, production, and yield for grapes over three decades (1991-92 to 2021-22). In the early 1990s, moderate growth in area was observed, followed by substantial increases in subsequent years, notably in 1993-1994 and 1994-1995. Production levels fluctuated, with significant surges and declines in different years, while yield showed a consistent decline initially. The early 2000s demonstrated steady positive trends, especially in area expansion. Notable periods include significant growth in the area from 2001-02 to 2010.

However, yield experienced fluctuations with a negative CAGR in certain periods. Overall, the period from 1991-92 to 2021-22 showed positive CAGR values for area and production, reflecting overall growth, while yield exhibited minimal growth.

Keywords: Grapes, Production, trends, India.

Every individual desires to be in good health and incurs substantial expenditure both on preventive and curative health care. Most individuals seek outpatient healthcare while some illnesses and ailments require hospitalisation. This paper analyses the demand for inpatient health care and the determinants of expenditure on such hospitalisation using the 2014 NSSO 71st round morbidity data and applying the Poisson-Logit Hurdle regression model. The number of times an individual is hospitalised is taken as the count data and the odds ratio of inpatient care is estimated. The estimated results show that household income, health insurance coverage, hygiene at the household and availability of good drinking water are the important determinants of both the demand for inpatient care and the number of times of hospitalisation. The health expenditure for diseases like cancer and cardiovascular illness is higher relative to other ailments.

Keywords: Hospitalisation, inpatient care, health expenditure, Poisson-Logit Hurdle regression, odds ratio.

This study delves into the complex relationship between economic growth and foreign trade, specifically analyzing Afghanistan’s economy from 1990 to 2019. Employing methodologies like the Structural Breakpoint method of ADF for data stability, the Bound test for assessing long-term relationships, and ARDL analysis, significant insights emerge. The research underscores that international trade has a distinctly positive and statistically significant influence on Afghanistan’s economic growth over the long term. In the short term, both exports and imports significantly contribute to economic expansion. The Error Correction term (ECT) coefficient of -2 indicates a strong long-run relationship among the variables and a swift adjustment towards equilibrium. With an impressive adjusted R-Square of 90 percent, the model effectively explains the dependent variable using the independent variables. Drawing from these findings, the study recommends implementing import substitution policies to retain financial capital and stimulate domestic industries. Furthermore, reducing trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions could bolster the flow of goods and services, thereby fostering economic growth in Afghanistan. In conclusion, the study highlights the crucial role of international trade in Afghanistan’s economic development, advocating for policies that promote local industry while facilitating smoother trade interactions globally.

Keywords: Export, Import, Economic Growth, ARDL, Afghanistan
JEL Codes: B27, F1, F14, F23, F43, O4, O47